Refractory materials (refractories) are non-metallic materials with a fire resistance of at least 1580 °C, used in units and devices for protection against the effects of thermal energy and gas, liquid, and solid aggressive reagents. They are made on the basis of mineral raw materials and are distinguished by their ability to maintain their functional properties without significant damage under various service conditions at high temperatures. Refractory materials are products based on mineral raw materials, characterized by the ability to retain their properties under operating conditions at high temperatures, and which serve as structural materials and protective coatings. Raw materials for refractory materials are simple and complex oxides (for example, SiO2, A12O3, MgO, ZrO2, MgO-SiO2), oxygen-free compounds (for example, graphite, nitrides, carbides, borides, silicides), as well as oxynitrides, oxycarbides, sialons.
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